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When Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI was elected in
2005, the German-born pontiff dedicated himself to combating secularization in Europe. Research by
leading European scholars had pointed to a long-term decline in religious
observance among Europeans since at least the mid-1970s. 1
Benedict’s efforts to combat this trend included the creation of a new
pontifical council charged with evangelizing in countries that had experienced
what he called an “eclipse of God.” Given his high-profile attempt to
reinvigorate the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, is there evidence that
European Catholics – or Europeans in general – are any more committed to their
faith than they were at the beginning of his papacy?
An analysis of Pew Research Center surveys reveals
no signs of a marked resurgence of faith among Catholics in France, Germany,
Spain and Italy – the four countries with the largest Catholic populations in
Western Europe. Yet the picture facing the church is not entirely bleak. French,
Italian and Spanish Catholics have reported low but relatively stable levels of
religious commitment in recent years. In Germany, too, the overall trend in
religious commitment has been fairly stable over the past decade, despite
short-lived shifts in the importance German Catholics place on religion.
Importance of Religion: Low but Stable
Across all four countries, a minority of
Catholics say religion is very important in their lives, according to surveys
conducted by the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. No more than
15% of French Catholics have said religion is “very important” to them
personally in any of nine Pew Research polls conducted in France since 2002. In
Spain, where four Pew Research polls have been conducted since 2009, roughly a
third of Catholics in most years have said religion is very important in their
lives. In Italy, where Pew Research has polled three times in recent years, a
quarter of Catholics rated religion as very important to them in 2009, roughly
the same as in 2007 (27%) and 2002 (29%).
In 2006, one year after Benedict’s election,
about half (52%) of German Catholics said religion was very important in their
lives – a significant rise from 36% in 2002. But the figure fell back to 36% in
a 2007 Pew Research poll in Germany, and no more than 42% of German Catholics
rated religion as very important to them in five subsequent polls.
Frequency of Prayer Also Fairly Stable
When asked how often they pray, few European
Catholics say they do so at least once a day. French Catholics are among the
least likely to engage in daily prayer, with between 11% and 17% reporting in
recent years that they pray daily. German Catholics pray at higher rates than
their French neighbors, but over the past decade fewer than four-in-ten have
said they engage in daily prayer, about the same as among Spanish Catholics
polled between 2009 and 2011. Among Italian Catholics, about three-in-ten said
they pray daily in Pew Research polls conducted between 2002 and 2009.
Mass Attendance: Stable or Declining
In France, Germany and Spain, where multiple Pew
Research surveys have asked respondents how often they attend church, few
Catholics report going to Mass on a weekly basis. In four surveys conducted
between 2009 and 2011, no more than 10% of French Catholics said they attend
Mass at least weekly. By comparison, between 24% and 31% of Spanish Catholics
have said they attend church at least once a week in polls conducted between
2009 and 2011.2
Among Catholics in Germany, roughly one-in-five said they go to Mass on a
weekly basis in 2009 and 2010. In Pew Research polling in 2011, a slightly
lower proportion of German Catholics (16%) reported attending Mass at least
once a week.
Pew Research surveys have not routinely asked
about attendance at religious services in Italy.3
Similar Trends in the General Public
As with Catholics, there has been no discernible
resurgence of religion among the overall adult populations in France, Germany,
Italy and Spain over the past decade.
Low but relatively stable proportions of
European adults have said religion is a very important part of their lives, according
to Pew Research polls since 2002. Roughly one-in-ten French adults say religion
is very important in their lives, which is among the lowest in the region. In most years polled, roughly a quarter of all
German, Italian and Spanish adults say religion is very important in their
lives.
In addition, few Europeans say they pray on a
daily basis. No more than 14% of French adults have said they pray at least
once a day since 2002. Germans report praying more frequently than the French
do, but fewer than a quarter of German adults in recent years have said prayer
is a daily part of their lives. Roughly three-in-ten Italians said they pray
every day in 2002 (28%), 2007 (26%) and 2009 (30%). In Spain, a higher
proportion said they pray every day in 2008 (26%) than in 2007 (18%). But in
subsequent years, the proportion of Spanish adults who say they pray every day
has held relatively steady, at about a quarter.
In France and Germany, no more than one-in-ten
adults have said they attend religious services on a weekly basis in Pew
Research surveys conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011. And in Spain, no more than one-in-five
adults have reported attending religious services at least once a week in polls
conducted between 2009 and 2011. Pew Research surveys have not routinely asked
about attendance at religious services in Italy. The European Social Survey has not asked this
question in Italy since 2004.
Catholic Population Sizes
Religion is not measured in national censuses in
France, Germany, Italy or Spain. Using survey data and population projections,
however, the Pew Research Center estimates that the 2010 Catholic population in
Italy was 49.2 million (or 81% of the total population). In France, it was 37.9
million (60%); in Spain, 34.7 million (75%); and in Germany, 27.1
million (33%).4
These are estimates of the number of people in each country who currently self-identify
as Catholic.
The Roman Catholic Church counts Catholics
somewhat differently. It reports estimates of all baptized Catholics in each
country, regardless of their current self-identification. By the church’s
count, the number of baptized Catholics has continued to rise in recent years
in France, Italy and Spain but has fallen in Germany; this may be, in part, a
result of Germany’s tax on church members.5
As a share of the total population, baptized
Catholics have been declining in all four countries for decades, and this
gradual slide continued during Benedict’s papacy. (Despite the rise in absolute
numbers of baptized Catholics in France, Italy and Spain, the increase has not
kept pace with the growth of the general population.) From 1975 to 2010, the
percentage of France’s total population that was baptized in the Catholic faith
fell about 10 points, from 85.6% to 75.1%. In Germany, the drop was about seven
points, from 37.2% to 30.5%. In Spain, it was about five points, from 97.9% to
92.6%. And in Italy, it was less than four points, from 98.8% to 95.1%.
Census
and survey estimates of self-identified Catholics in Europe are generally lower
than the official counts of baptized Catholics.
Footnotes:
1 For example, using data from the International Social Survey Program, World
Values Survey and European Values Survey, the late French sociologist Mattei
Dogan tracked significant declines in religious belief and practice among populations
across Western and Central Europe between 1981 and 2000. See Dogan, Mattei.
2003. “Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline.” In
Piedmont, Ralph L. and David O. Moberg. Research in the Social Scientific Study
of Religion, volume 14, pages 161-188. (return to text)
2 However, the European Social Survey (an independent, academically driven,
cross-national survey established in 2001) found that the share of the Spanish
population identifying as Catholics who attend Mass at least monthly dropped
from 27% in 2002 to 22% in 2010. Readers should note that the ESS figures are
for monthly attendance and are calculated as
a shareof the
country’s total population and therefore are not directly comparable
to the Pew Research figures cited for other countries. (return to text)
3
The European Social Survey collected data on Mass attendance in Italy in two
recent years, 2002 and 2004, both of which preceded Benedict’s papacy. The ESS
found that the share of the Italian population identifying as Catholics who
attend Mass at least monthly was 39% in both years. (return to text)
4 For information on the methods used to derive these estimates, see Appendix A in the Pew Research Center’s December 2011 report “Global Christianity: A
Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population.” For
information about the demographic methods used to project the French and German
estimates to 2010 from 2005 survey data, including modeling of religious
switching, see Appendix
A of the Pew Research Center’s December 2012 report “The Global Religious
Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious
Groups as of 2010.” (return to text)
5 In Germany, the federal government collects a “church tax” (Kirchensteuer) from
working members of the Catholic church and some other religious groups to help
support those groups. Members who pay federal income tax are assessed the
church tax, which is calculated as a surtax of 8-9% of the amount of their
income tax.
Catholics may leave the church by completing a
declaration of withdrawal in a local court. The court shares this information
with the church. While some Germans leave the church to avoid paying the church
tax, German studies find a variety of other commonly cited reasons for withdrawal, including the sex
abuse scandal, the belief that church membership is not necessary to be a
Christian and the belief that
“I do not need religion in my life.” (See, for example http://www.epd.de/landesdienst/landesdienst-s%C3%BCdwest/studie-entscheidung-f%C3%BCr-kirchenaustritt-ist-langer-prozess-von-chr).
In 2012, the Catholic Bishops’
Conference in Germany declared that a member who refuses to pay the church tax
is not allowed to receive communion, make confession, hold church office or
serve as a godparent. See Eddy, Melissa. Oct. 5, 2012. “German
Catholic Church Links Tax to the Sacraments.” The New York Times.
The Catholic Church in Germany adjusts its membership
count based on declarations of withdrawal received from the government. These
adjusted membership counts are the statistics reported as “baptized Catholics”
for Germany in the Statistical Yearbook of the Church. See also Joachim, Eicken
and Ansgar Schmitz-Veltin. 2010. “Die
Entwicklung der Kirchen-mitglieder in Deutschland: Statistiche Anmerkungen zu
Umfang und Ursachen des Mitgliederruckgangs in den beiden christlichen
Volkskirchen.” Statistisches Bundesamt. Wirtschaft und Statistik June 2010. (In
German.) (return to text)
Photo Credit: © Corbis/Kelly Redinger