OSNABRÜCK, Germany—Having given birth to the Protestant Reformation and the current pope, Germany is now at the fore of a broad effort to foster a European theological tradition for a relative newcomer: Islam.

In a brightly lit university classroom in this small northwestern German city, some 30 German mosque leaders are participating in a government-backed course in inter-religious understanding. The experiment, one of many across the Continent, covers subjects ranging from the Reformation to the German constitution.

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