CAIRO—Mohammed Morsi rose through the ranks of the Muslim Brotherhood with a reputation as an uncompromising conservative who prizes hierarchy over consensus.

He now stands to play a central role in Egypt's political future, whether as his country's first freely elected president or the man who was denied the job. With his conservative record and his past reluctance to challenge Egypt's military leaders, Mr. Morsi could find it hard to rally Egypt's more liberal opposition behind him.

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