Belief in Heaven among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who …in heaven

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201485%9%6%13,702
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: Believe, Don't believe

Belief in Heaven among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by religious group

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who …in heaven

Religious traditionBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
Catholic88%8%4%2,547
Evangelical Protestant88%5%7%5,738
Historically Black Protestant95%2%3%994
Jehovah's Witness51%35%13%188
Jewish80%14%6%119
Mainline Protestant86%7%7%2,103
Mormon98%1%1%468
Muslim96%3%1%117
Unaffiliated (religious "nones")62%28%10%1,117
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: Believe, Don't believe

DemographicInformation

Age distribution among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are ages…

Belief in Heaven18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
Believe14%32%30%24%11,300
Don't believe16%31%30%23%1,200
Other/don't know8%34%33%26%895
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
Believe9%11%27%36%16%2%11,300
Don't believe10%11%26%36%15%3%1,200
Other/don't know5%7%30%39%17%2%895
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenMenWomenSample size
Believe50%50%11,546
Don't believe66%34%1,227
Other/don't know56%44%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who identify as…

Belief in HeavenWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
Believe65%15%3%13%3%11,397
Don't believe62%10%5%19%4%1,203
Other/don't know71%9%3%12%4%908
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
Believe14%7%79%11,383
Don't believe23%9%68%1,213
Other/don't know15%6%80%916
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who have a household income of…

Belief in HeavenLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
Believe38%21%26%14%9,951
Don't believe35%21%26%18%1,068
Other/don't know32%21%29%18%743
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who have completed…

Belief in HeavenHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
Believe49%31%13%7%11,469
Don't believe48%29%13%10%1,216
Other/don't know45%29%17%9%926
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
Believe55%4%14%9%18%11,500
Don't believe54%6%14%7%20%1,220
Other/don't know65%3%14%7%12%921
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenParentsNon-parentsSample size
Believe30%70%11,500
Don't believe26%74%1,221
Other/don't know30%70%923
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say they…

Belief in HeavenBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
Believe86%11%1%< 1%< 1%< 1%11,546
Don't believe51%18%9%1%18%3%1,227
Other/don't know74%14%5%2%1%4%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say religion is…

Belief in HeavenVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
Believe80%16%3%1%< 1%11,546
Don't believe44%21%17%18%< 1%1,227
Other/don't know68%18%7%4%2%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who attend religious services…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe59%28%13%< 1%11,546
Don't believe35%25%40%1%1,227
Other/don't know57%21%21%2%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who pray…

Belief in HeavenAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe77%13%4%6%1%11,546
Don't believe46%11%6%36%1%1,227
Other/don't know69%12%4%13%3%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who attend prayer group…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe43%12%9%35%1%11,546
Don't believe28%6%7%59%< 1%1,227
Other/don't know44%9%6%39%2%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who meditate…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe50%7%4%37%2%11,546
Don't believe40%7%5%46%3%1,227
Other/don't know49%5%3%38%4%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe72%12%7%9%1%11,546
Don't believe51%11%8%28%2%1,227
Other/don't know68%9%6%14%3%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe45%16%12%26%2%11,546
Don't believe46%13%13%27%2%1,227
Other/don't know53%13%10%20%4%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Belief in HeavenReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
Believe57%4%32%4%2%11,546
Don't believe35%8%44%12%2%1,227
Other/don't know55%6%30%4%4%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say…

Belief in HeavenThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Believe47%50%1%1%11,546
Don't believe42%56%1%1%1,227
Other/don't know54%42%2%2%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who read scripture…

Belief in HeavenAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Believe59%11%7%22%1%11,546
Don't believe35%6%6%51%1%1,227
Other/don't know57%8%5%28%2%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say the holy scripture is…

Belief in HeavenWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
Believe55%29%4%8%4%11,546
Don't believe28%18%2%47%6%1,227
Other/don't know39%21%8%17%15%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who …in hell

Belief in HeavenBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
Believe85%11%5%11,546
Don't believe22%75%3%1,227
Other/don't know37%16%47%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who identify as…

Belief in HeavenRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
Believe53%15%31%11,546
Don't believe49%24%26%1,227
Other/don't know56%21%23%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who are…

Belief in HeavenConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
Believe58%26%11%6%11,546
Don't believe47%28%16%9%1,227
Other/don't know62%19%7%12%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who would rather have…

Belief in HeavenSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
Believe61%34%2%3%11,546
Don't believe66%30%2%2%1,227
Other/don't know69%21%4%6%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say government aid to the poor…

Belief in HeavenDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Believe57%38%3%2%11,546
Don't believe58%37%4%1%1,227
Other/don't know59%31%7%4%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say abortion should be…

Belief in HeavenLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
Believe29%68%4%11,546
Don't believe42%54%4%1,227
Other/don't know24%69%7%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say homosexuality…

Belief in HeavenShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Believe23%70%4%3%11,546
Don't believe27%65%4%3%1,227
Other/don't know21%67%6%6%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say…

Belief in HeavenStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Believe51%43%2%3%11,546
Don't believe47%48%2%3%1,227
Other/don't know57%31%5%7%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage by belief in heaven

% of adults who oppose or strongly oppose gay marriage who say humans…

Belief in HeavenEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
Believe12%25%2%55%5%11,546
Don't believe34%16%3%44%4%1,227
Other/don't know14%14%6%55%11%929
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.