Belief in Hell among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who …in hell
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Survey year
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
2014
44%
48%
8%
18,708
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by religious group
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who …in hell
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Religious tradition
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Buddhist
28%
68%
4%
231
Catholic
59%
34%
8%
4,011
Evangelical Protestant
74%
20%
7%
2,227
Hindu
28%
66%
6%
126
Historically Black Protestant
75%
18%
7%
740
Jewish
13%
81%
6%
689
Mainline Protestant
52%
38%
10%
3,464
Mormon
51%
39%
10%
155
Muslim
65%
26%
9%
105
Orthodox Christian
50%
38%
12%
105
Unaffiliated (religious "nones")
22%
71%
7%
5,996
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Age distribution among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are ages…
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Belief in Hell
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Sample size
Believe
31%
36%
23%
10%
7,368
Don't believe
29%
35%
23%
14%
9,591
Other/don't know
24%
35%
26%
16%
1,460
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Younger Millennial
Older Millennial
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Silent
Greatest
Sample size
Believe
20%
19%
28%
27%
6%
< 1%
7,368
Don't believe
18%
18%
27%
27%
9%
1%
9,591
Other/don't know
14%
16%
29%
31%
10%
1%
1,460
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Men
Women
Sample size
Believe
43%
57%
7,453
Don't believe
49%
51%
9,746
Other/don't know
44%
56%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who identify as…
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Belief in Hell
White
Black
Asian
Latino
Other/Mixed
Sample size
Believe
61%
14%
4%
18%
4%
7,390
Don't believe
73%
6%
5%
12%
4%
9,631
Other/don't know
69%
8%
4%
14%
5%
1,470
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Immigrants
Second generation
Third generation or higher
Sample size
Believe
15%
11%
74%
7,355
Don't believe
14%
13%
73%
9,660
Other/don't know
13%
12%
74%
1,481
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who have a household income of…
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Belief in Hell
Less than $30,000
$30,000-$49,999
$50,000-$99,999
$100,000 or more
Sample size
Believe
38%
21%
25%
16%
6,633
Don't believe
25%
19%
29%
27%
8,799
Other/don't know
32%
19%
25%
23%
1,249
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who have completed…
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Belief in Hell
High school or less
Some college
College
Post-graduate degree
Sample size
Believe
42%
34%
15%
8%
7,432
Don't believe
27%
31%
24%
18%
9,706
Other/don't know
33%
32%
19%
15%
1,495
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Married
Living with a partner
Divorced/separated
Widowed
Never married
Sample size
Believe
41%
10%
13%
4%
32%
7,437
Don't believe
44%
10%
11%
4%
30%
9,711
Other/don't know
44%
9%
12%
6%
29%
1,487
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Parents
Non-parents
Sample size
Believe
33%
67%
7,429
Don't believe
25%
75%
9,721
Other/don't know
26%
74%
1,502
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in God among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say they…
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Belief in Hell
Believe in God; absolutely certain
Believe in God; fairly certain
Believe in God; not too/not at all certain
Believe in God; don't know
Do not believe in God
Other/don't know if they believe in God
Sample size
Believe
68%
25%
4%
1%
1%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
30%
25%
11%
1%
30%
4%
9,746
Other/don't know
46%
27%
10%
1%
4%
11%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say religion is…
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Belief in Hell
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
52%
35%
10%
3%
< 1%
7,453
Don't believe
21%
26%
22%
31%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
37%
31%
18%
12%
2%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who attend religious services…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month/a few times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
29%
44%
27%
< 1%
7,453
Don't believe
13%
33%
55%
< 1%
9,746
Other/don't know
21%
37%
41%
1%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who pray…
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Belief in Hell
At least daily
Weekly
Monthly
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
55%
22%
7%
15%
< 1%
7,453
Don't believe
27%
13%
7%
52%
< 1%
9,746
Other/don't know
43%
18%
7%
30%
3%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who attend prayer group…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
17%
11%
10%
62%
< 1%
7,453
Don't believe
7%
5%
5%
83%
< 1%
9,746
Other/don't know
11%
6%
7%
74%
1%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who meditate…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
34%
9%
4%
52%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
32%
11%
5%
51%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
35%
9%
6%
47%
2%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
55%
18%
11%
14%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
45%
17%
11%
25%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
51%
15%
12%
19%
3%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
41%
18%
15%
26%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
50%
17%
14%
19%
< 1%
9,746
Other/don't know
49%
17%
11%
20%
3%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
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Belief in Hell
Religion
Philosophy/reason
Common sense
Science
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
27%
11%
52%
8%
2%
7,453
Don't believe
8%
20%
54%
17%
2%
9,746
Other/don't know
16%
15%
55%
9%
5%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say…
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Belief in Hell
There are clear standards for what is right and wrong
Right or wrong depends on the situation
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
27%
71%
1%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
18%
80%
1%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
22%
74%
3%
2%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who read scripture…
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Belief in Hell
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
28%
13%
11%
48%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
12%
7%
8%
73%
< 1%
9,746
Other/don't know
20%
10%
9%
60%
2%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say the holy scripture is…
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Belief in Hell
Word of God; should be taken literally
Word of God; not everything taken literally
Word of God; other/don't know
Not the word of God
Other/don't know
Sample size
Believe
26%
39%
2%
26%
7%
7,453
Don't believe
5%
15%
1%
73%
6%
9,746
Other/don't know
12%
20%
2%
46%
20%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who …in heaven
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Belief in Hell
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Believe
96%
2%
2%
7,453
Don't believe
33%
62%
5%
9,746
Other/don't know
44%
3%
53%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Party affiliation among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who identify as…
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Belief in Hell
Republican/lean Rep.
No lean
Democrat/lean Dem.
Sample size
Believe
32%
18%
50%
7,453
Don't believe
21%
16%
63%
9,746
Other/don't know
23%
23%
54%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who are…
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Belief in Hell
Conservative
Moderate
Liberal
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
28%
41%
25%
6%
7,453
Don't believe
14%
37%
45%
4%
9,746
Other/don't know
19%
42%
30%
9%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who would rather have…
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Belief in Hell
Smaller government; fewer services
Bigger government; more services
Depends
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
45%
50%
2%
3%
7,453
Don't believe
44%
49%
3%
3%
9,746
Other/don't know
41%
44%
7%
7%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say government aid to the poor…
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Belief in Hell
Does more harm than good
Does more good than harm
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
41%
54%
3%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
30%
66%
3%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
32%
59%
6%
3%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say abortion should be…
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Belief in Hell
Legal in all/most cases
Illegal in all/most cases
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
62%
35%
3%
7,453
Don't believe
82%
16%
2%
9,746
Other/don't know
71%
23%
6%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say homosexuality…
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Belief in Hell
Should be accepted
Should be discouraged
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
90%
6%
2%
1%
7,453
Don't believe
95%
3%
1%
1%
9,746
Other/don't know
91%
4%
3%
3%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say…
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Belief in Hell
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
34%
63%
2%
2%
7,453
Don't believe
21%
75%
2%
2%
9,746
Other/don't know
25%
66%
5%
4%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage by belief in hell
% of adults who strongly favor or favor gay marriage who say humans…
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Belief in Hell
Evolved; due to natural processes
Evolved; due to God's design
Evolved; don't know how
Always existed in present form
Don't know
Sample size
Believe
30%
36%
3%
29%
2%
7,453
Don't believe
66%
17%
4%
11%
2%
9,746
Other/don't know
43%
23%
11%
16%
8%
1,509
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.