Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201443%17%14%25%2%6,083
200737%15%17%27%4%7,470
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: At least once a week, Once or twice a month, Several times a year, Seldom/never

DemographicInformation

Age distribution among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are ages…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
At least once a week17%26%30%27%2,707
Once or twice a month20%30%29%21%966
Several times a year16%31%27%26%846
Seldom/never12%33%27%27%1,338
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
At least once a week11%10%22%38%17%2%2,707
Once or twice a month13%12%25%35%14%2%966
Several times a year10%11%27%35%16%2%846
Seldom/never8%9%29%34%18%3%1,338
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeMenWomenSample size
At least once a week44%56%2,762
Once or twice a month46%54%982
Several times a year47%53%864
Seldom/never45%55%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who identify as…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
At least once a week85%4%1%6%4%2,723
Once or twice a month88%3%1%4%3%973
Several times a year87%2%1%6%3%856
Seldom/never88%3%2%5%3%1,351
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
At least once a week7%7%86%2,735
Once or twice a month8%6%87%975
Several times a year7%8%85%858
Seldom/never5%7%88%1,356
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who have a household income of…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
At least once a week30%20%27%23%2,379
Once or twice a month22%20%30%28%867
Several times a year24%16%34%26%751
Seldom/never32%21%27%20%1,154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who have completed…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
At least once a week33%30%20%16%2,745
Once or twice a month32%31%21%15%979
Several times a year32%31%22%14%860
Seldom/never47%31%15%8%1,367
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
At least once a week53%6%13%9%19%2,743
Once or twice a month55%4%12%7%22%981
Several times a year60%6%11%7%15%860
Seldom/never55%5%12%12%15%1,371
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeParentsNon-parentsSample size
At least once a week24%76%2,751
Once or twice a month27%73%980
Several times a year31%69%862
Seldom/never27%73%1,372
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say they…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
At least once a week71%22%4%1%1%1%2,762
Once or twice a month62%30%4%1%2%2%982
Several times a year58%32%5%1%2%2%864
Seldom/never67%24%5%2%2%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say religion is…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
At least once a week60%29%8%2%1%2,762
Once or twice a month51%36%10%2%< 1%982
Several times a year46%40%11%3%1%864
Seldom/never47%39%11%2%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who attend religious services…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week36%40%23%< 1%2,762
Once or twice a month35%45%20%< 1%982
Several times a year27%49%24%< 1%864
Seldom/never28%43%29%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who pray…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week63%19%5%11%1%2,762
Once or twice a month49%27%7%15%1%982
Several times a year43%26%12%18%1%864
Seldom/never49%23%8%19%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who attend prayer group…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week24%11%10%55%< 1%2,762
Once or twice a month19%12%10%60%< 1%982
Several times a year14%10%11%65%< 1%864
Seldom/never14%7%6%71%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who meditate…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week49%10%4%36%1%2,762
Once or twice a month31%14%6%48%1%982
Several times a year24%10%8%56%1%864
Seldom/never22%7%4%66%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week71%15%6%8%1%2,762
Once or twice a month50%26%13%10%1%982
Several times a year39%21%23%15%1%864
Seldom/never44%18%11%26%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
At least once a week31%13%45%7%3%2,762
Once or twice a month30%10%53%6%2%982
Several times a year26%9%56%6%2%864
Seldom/never28%7%58%5%2%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
At least once a week32%65%2%1%2,762
Once or twice a month32%66%1%1%982
Several times a year32%67%1%< 1%864
Seldom/never33%65%1%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who read scripture…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
At least once a week38%15%11%36%1%2,762
Once or twice a month27%15%13%44%< 1%982
Several times a year20%13%16%50%< 1%864
Seldom/never24%10%10%55%1%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say the holy scripture is…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
At least once a week23%34%3%30%10%2,762
Once or twice a month22%37%1%31%8%982
Several times a year20%38%2%31%10%864
Seldom/never29%36%4%23%9%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who …in heaven

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
At least once a week78%14%8%2,762
Once or twice a month82%11%7%982
Several times a year79%13%8%864
Seldom/never84%9%7%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who …in hell

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
At least once a week58%32%10%2,762
Once or twice a month63%28%10%982
Several times a year59%31%10%864
Seldom/never64%26%11%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who identify as…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
At least once a week42%15%43%2,762
Once or twice a month48%12%40%982
Several times a year45%13%42%864
Seldom/never46%20%34%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who are…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
At least once a week36%37%23%5%2,762
Once or twice a month39%37%20%4%982
Several times a year31%47%18%5%864
Seldom/never41%35%16%8%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who would rather have…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
At least once a week56%36%4%4%2,762
Once or twice a month61%33%2%4%982
Several times a year62%33%2%3%864
Seldom/never60%32%4%5%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say government aid to the poor…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
At least once a week45%49%4%2%2,762
Once or twice a month49%45%3%2%982
Several times a year46%50%3%2%864
Seldom/never52%41%4%3%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say abortion should be…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
At least once a week59%37%4%2,762
Once or twice a month60%37%3%982
Several times a year63%33%4%864
Seldom/never62%33%5%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say homosexuality…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
At least once a week67%24%5%4%2,762
Once or twice a month69%26%3%2%982
Several times a year71%22%5%3%864
Seldom/never60%30%6%3%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who …same-sex marriage

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
At least once a week59%33%8%2,762
Once or twice a month59%36%6%982
Several times a year61%32%7%864
Seldom/never50%39%10%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
At least once a week35%60%3%2%2,762
Once or twice a month39%57%2%2%982
Several times a year37%60%1%2%864
Seldom/never44%50%3%4%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among Mainline Protestants by frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe

% of Mainline Protestants who say humans…

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universeEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
At least once a week27%34%6%28%4%2,762
Once or twice a month30%34%4%27%5%982
Several times a year34%30%7%25%3%864
Seldom/never27%27%3%37%6%1,377
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.