Survey yearReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
201437%11%42%8%2%2,883
200733%9%51%3%4%2,830
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: Religion, Philosophy/reason, Common sense, Science

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by religious group

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Religious traditionReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
Catholic38%8%42%9%3%730
Evangelical Protestant53%7%35%3%2%781
Historically Black Protestant41%9%45%4%1%182
Mainline Protestant35%12%44%7%2%627
Unaffiliated (religious "nones")12%19%52%16%1%233
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: Religion, Philosophy/reason, Common sense, Science

DemographicInformation

Age distribution among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are ages…

Sources of guidance on right and wrong18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
Religion19%32%28%21%1,078
Philosophy/reason32%34%24%10%318
Common sense24%35%24%17%1,139
Science26%42%17%15%207
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
Religion12%13%26%34%14%1%1,078
Philosophy/reason20%17%29%28%6%1%318
Common sense15%16%29%27%12%1%1,139
Science19%18%32%22%9%1%207
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongMenWomenSample size
Religion43%57%1,100
Philosophy/reason48%52%322
Common sense50%50%1,160
Science61%39%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who identify as…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
Religion69%12%3%12%4%1,087
Philosophy/reason63%14%4%15%5%321
Common sense60%13%7%15%4%1,146
Science46%9%15%29%2%210
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
Religion13%7%80%1,088
Philosophy/reason19%8%72%318
Common sense20%9%71%1,144
Science39%15%46%207
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who have a household income of…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
Religion30%21%30%19%949
Philosophy/reason33%20%26%21%294
Common sense35%22%26%17%1,030
Science36%13%28%23%193
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who have completed…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
Religion39%34%16%10%1,091
Philosophy/reason29%27%26%18%322
Common sense42%32%16%10%1,155
Science37%25%21%17%210
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
Religion55%4%12%7%22%1,099
Philosophy/reason42%11%15%5%28%321
Common sense46%9%12%7%25%1,156
Science46%4%7%4%39%211
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongParentsNon-parentsSample size
Religion31%69%1,093
Philosophy/reason31%69%322
Common sense32%68%1,158
Science34%66%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say they…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
Religion90%9%< 1%1%< 1%< 1%1,100
Philosophy/reason62%25%7%1%3%2%322
Common sense69%23%4%1%2%1%1,160
Science46%35%7%< 1%10%2%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say religion is…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
Religion88%10%1%< 1%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason51%35%8%5%1%322
Common sense54%38%5%2%< 1%1,160
Science44%43%8%3%2%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who attend religious services…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion51%45%4%< 1%1,100
Philosophy/reason28%60%12%< 1%322
Common sense27%65%8%< 1%1,160
Science23%63%12%1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who pray…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion81%13%3%2%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason56%24%8%12%< 1%322
Common sense60%23%8%9%1%1,160
Science43%28%14%14%1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who meditate…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion45%8%7%36%3%1,100
Philosophy/reason46%11%7%35%1%322
Common sense34%12%9%44%1%1,160
Science34%13%10%40%3%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion71%13%10%5%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason64%17%11%6%1%322
Common sense54%20%16%9%1%1,160
Science42%17%21%18%2%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion45%17%15%21%2%1,100
Philosophy/reason61%15%12%11%1%322
Common sense37%16%19%26%1%1,160
Science37%19%21%23%1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Religion49%49%2%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason27%72%< 1%1%322
Common sense28%70%1%1%1,160
Science26%73%< 1%1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who read scripture…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
Religion51%17%19%12%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason26%24%25%25%< 1%322
Common sense24%18%30%28%1%1,160
Science12%19%30%39%< 1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say the holy scripture is…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
Religion48%37%3%6%6%1,100
Philosophy/reason16%40%1%35%7%322
Common sense29%38%3%24%7%1,160
Science23%24%1%41%10%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who …in heaven

Sources of guidance on right and wrongBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
Religion90%5%5%1,100
Philosophy/reason69%22%10%322
Common sense85%11%5%1,160
Science70%26%4%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who …in hell

Sources of guidance on right and wrongBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
Religion80%13%7%1,100
Philosophy/reason50%42%7%322
Common sense65%28%7%1,160
Science52%43%6%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who identify as…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
Religion53%15%32%1,100
Philosophy/reason27%17%55%322
Common sense37%18%45%1,160
Science28%17%54%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who are…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
Religion53%29%13%5%1,100
Philosophy/reason25%36%33%6%322
Common sense35%41%18%6%1,160
Science32%37%27%4%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who would rather have…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
Religion57%38%2%3%1,100
Philosophy/reason45%47%6%2%322
Common sense51%44%2%3%1,160
Science38%57%1%4%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say government aid to the poor…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Religion53%42%3%1%1,100
Philosophy/reason31%63%4%1%322
Common sense45%50%3%2%1,160
Science37%58%4%1%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say abortion should be…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
Religion35%62%4%1,100
Philosophy/reason66%32%2%322
Common sense59%37%4%1,160
Science63%34%4%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say homosexuality…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Religion44%47%5%4%1,100
Philosophy/reason80%14%5%1%322
Common sense64%27%4%5%1,160
Science70%24%1%5%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who …same-sex marriage

Sources of guidance on right and wrongStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
Religion35%58%8%1,100
Philosophy/reason68%26%6%322
Common sense55%37%9%1,160
Science61%34%6%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
Religion45%51%1%3%1,100
Philosophy/reason27%69%2%1%322
Common sense39%57%2%2%1,160
Science31%65%1%4%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among adults who attend prayer groups several times a year by sources of guidance on right and wrong

% of adults who attend prayer groups several times a year who say humans…

Sources of guidance on right and wrongEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
Religion11%31%3%50%5%1,100
Philosophy/reason35%33%7%21%3%322
Common sense25%34%4%34%3%1,160
Science50%20%3%25%2%212
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.