DemographicInformation

Age distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are ages…

Survey year18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
201411%21%34%34%322
20077%30%34%30%339
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
20148%7%18%45%20%4%322
2007< 1%5%19%40%25%11%339
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearMenWomenSample size
201446%54%329
200744%56%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who identify as…

Survey yearWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
201486%8%1%4%1%328
200793%2%1%2%3%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
201411%5%85%327
20074%5%91%342
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who have a household income of…

Survey yearLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
201423%15%30%32%289
200718%17%38%27%277
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who have completed…

Survey yearHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
201426%25%26%24%326
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
201462%3%10%12%12%329
200761%1%12%14%12%340
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearParentsNon-parentsSample size
201423%77%328
200725%75%342
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say they…

Survey yearBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
201470%24%3%< 1%2%1%329
200773%19%4%1%1%2%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say religion is…

Survey yearVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
201462%26%10%1%1%329
200757%31%9%2%1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who attend religious services…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201439%44%17%< 1%329
200748%34%17%1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who pray…

Survey yearAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201462%19%4%13%1%329
200769%17%6%7%1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who attend prayer group…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201426%12%9%53%< 1%329
200726%14%6%54%< 1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who meditate…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201450%8%2%38%2%329
200756%6%4%33%1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201473%13%6%7%1%329
200766%14%8%9%3%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Survey yearReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
201432%16%39%8%5%329
200733%13%49%2%3%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say…

Survey yearThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201436%60%2%1%329
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who read scripture…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201438%13%8%41%< 1%329
200740%17%9%34%< 1%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say the holy scripture is…

Survey yearWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
201419%39%2%29%10%329
200720%37%3%28%13%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who …in heaven

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201478%13%9%329
200774%11%15%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who …in hell

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201457%33%10%329
200750%36%13%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who identify as…

Survey yearRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
201445%10%45%329
200748%8%44%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who are…

Survey yearConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
201434%37%25%4%329
200732%45%22%2%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who would rather have…

Survey yearSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
201456%37%4%4%329
200760%30%5%5%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say government aid to the poor…

Survey yearDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201440%54%5%1%329
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say abortion should be…

Survey yearLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
201466%30%4%329
200766%31%3%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say homosexuality…

Survey yearShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201471%19%5%4%329
200756%32%6%6%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who …same-sex marriage

Survey yearStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
201465%29%6%329
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say…

Survey yearStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201439%59%1%1%329
200727%66%4%2%343
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.)

% of Mainline Protestants adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are presbyterian Family (Mainline Trad.) who say humans…

Survey yearEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
201435%35%5%22%2%329
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.